When the characteristics of hard SF are understood, it is clear that while the principles behind hard SF were first articulated by Hugo Gernsback and John W. Clarke's A Fall of Moondust, and macrocosmic hard sf, extravagant visions of alien environments like Larry Niven's Ringworld. Two of these-using "gobbledygook" and speculating in areas where scientific knowledge is limited-are rejected the other two lead to forms of hard SF: microcosmic hard SF, cautious predictions of near-future technology like Arthur C. Hal Clement's "Whirligig World" states that the primary goal of hard science fiction is avoiding scientific errors and suggests four strategies for doing so. Early references involved a relatively small number of writers who emphasized scientific accuracy and explanation, but in the 1970s and 1980s, the term expanded to include numerous writers not originally associated with hard SF. By the mid-1960s, other commentators were also using the term. Schuyler Miller, book reviewer for Astounding/Analog, first used the term "hard science fiction" in November 1957 and used it more frequently in the 1960s. Several commentators in the 1950s visibly searched for a way to describe SF that was especially attentive to science.
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